{"id":5569,"date":"2024-07-29T14:22:41","date_gmt":"2024-07-29T20:22:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sinmaiznohaypais.org\/wordpress\/?p=5569"},"modified":"2024-07-29T14:22:41","modified_gmt":"2024-07-29T20:22:41","slug":"el-sinsentido-de-la-lucha-por-el-maiz-entre-estados-unidos-y-mexico","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/sinmaiznohaypais.org\/wordpress\/el-sinsentido-de-la-lucha-por-el-maiz-entre-estados-unidos-y-mexico\/","title":{"rendered":"El sinsentido de la lucha por el ma\u00edz entre Estados Unidos y M\u00e9xico"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

fooftank \u2013 Ernesto Hern\u00e1ndez<\/p>\n

\"\"Estados Unidos y M\u00e9xico est\u00e1n en una pelea por el ma\u00edz. En 2023, M\u00e9xico prohibi\u00f3 el ma\u00edz gen\u00e9ticamente modificado (OGM) para el consumo humano, por preocupaci\u00f3n por la salud humana y la biodiversidad en las plantas de ma\u00edz. Estados Unidos impugna esto en un panel comercial , argumentando que viola el Acuerdo entre Estados Unidos, M\u00e9xico y Canad\u00e1. Es tenso y lo ha sido durante a\u00f1os. Las ansiedades llegar\u00e1n a su punto m\u00e1ximo pronto. Las decisiones del panel se conocer\u00e1n en noviembre.<\/p>\n

Los desacuerdos est\u00e1n por todas partes. Los vecinos ni siquiera pueden ponerse de acuerdo sobre qu\u00e9 es lo que hay que discutir. Al examinar la prohibici\u00f3n actual, llamada Decreto , M\u00e9xico explica que s\u00f3lo afecta al ma\u00edz transg\u00e9nico en tortillas o masa . Eso es todo, sin impactos para el ma\u00edz en la alimentaci\u00f3n animal. Estados Unidos afirma que el comercio de todo el ma\u00edz transg\u00e9nico, para la alimentaci\u00f3n humana y del ganado, est\u00e1 amenazado. Los agricultores estadounidenses cultivan abrumadoramente ma\u00edz amarillo transg\u00e9nico para la alimentaci\u00f3n animal. Es lo que M\u00e9xico importa . M\u00e9xico es autosuficiente en ma\u00edz blanco , que se utiliza en tortillas, tamales y muchos platos que se comen a diario.<\/p>\n

En este impasse se plantean diferentes puntos de vista. Todo empieza por c\u00f3mo se utiliza el grano. En M\u00e9xico, el ma\u00edz se convierte en masa mediante un proceso llamado nixtamalizaci\u00f3n . La nixtamalizaci\u00f3n toma granos secos y polvo de cal y los deja en remojo durante la noche para descomponer la piel del grano. Esto mejora los nutrientes y hace que el ma\u00edz sea suave para la masa. Sin la nixtamalizaci\u00f3n, el ma\u00edz solo se puede convertir en harina de ma\u00edz, un producto m\u00e1s grueso. Si se procesa m\u00e1s con productos qu\u00edmicos, la harina de ma\u00edz se convierte en una harina instant\u00e1nea.<\/p>\n

Las tortillas de ma\u00edz en los EE. UU. suelen estar hechas de este polvo instant\u00e1neo . Es estable y predomina en el suministro estadounidense. En comparaci\u00f3n, estas tortillas tienen un sabor a cart\u00f3n y carecen de nutrientes vitales.<\/p>\n

Cuando M\u00e9xico implementa pol\u00edticas de ma\u00edz para la salud humana y la sustentabilidad, busca que el ma\u00edz blanco sea nixtamalizado. Esto asegura la mayor fuente de prote\u00edna del pa\u00eds. En Estados Unidos, las quejas sobre las pol\u00edticas de OGM se basan en experiencias completamente diferentes con tortillas de menor calidad y otro tipo de ma\u00edz. Las posiciones estadounidenses solo se centran en las exportaciones .<\/p>\n

Incluso en ese tema, las dos partes ven cosas distintas. Las exportaciones de ma\u00edz a M\u00e9xico han aumentado a niveles r\u00e9cord desde la prohibici\u00f3n. El Departamento de Agricultura de Estados Unidos pronostica que aumentar\u00e1n a\u00fan m\u00e1s para 2025, impulsado por la demanda de ganado . M\u00e9xico es el principal comprador de ma\u00edz estadounidense. Importa m\u00e1s de tres veces m\u00e1s ma\u00edz que Jap\u00f3n, el segundo mayor comprador. Estas cifras no se tienen en cuenta en los argumentos estadounidenses.<\/p>\n

Las dos partes no est\u00e1n de acuerdo en cuanto a esta pol\u00edtica. El decreto no afecta a los alimentos para animales. Dice expl\u00edcitamente que la comisi\u00f3n de riesgos sanitarios de M\u00e9xico seguir\u00e1 aprobando el ma\u00edz transg\u00e9nico para la alimentaci\u00f3n animal, siempre y cuando no se utilice para tortillas o masa . Los funcionarios comerciales estadounidenses insisten en lo contrario.<\/p>\n

Sus abogados inventaron un problema que denominan \u201cInstrucci\u00f3n de sustituci\u00f3n\u201d en los documentos iniciales y de r\u00e9plica presentados en los EE. UU. La cr\u00edtica es que las instrucciones para reemplazar el ma\u00edz transg\u00e9nico en los alimentos para animales no son claras. Esta queja es err\u00f3nea ya que el Decreto no incluye ning\u00fan reemplazo.<\/p>\n

La lectura err\u00f3nea se ha quedado. \u201cInstrucci\u00f3n de sustituci\u00f3n\u201d se tradujo en espa\u00f1ol como \u201c Sustituci\u00f3n gradual \u201d , para los documentos presentados a M\u00e9xico. Esto no es correcto ya que su equivalente en ingl\u00e9s ser\u00eda \u201cgradual substitution\u201d. La traducci\u00f3n inserta artificialmente \u201cgradual\u201d, que significa incremental. Una traducci\u00f3n m\u00e1s precisa de \u201cInstrucci\u00f3n de sustituci\u00f3n\u201d ser\u00eda \u201c Instrucci\u00f3n de sustituci\u00f3n \u201d. Ambas palabras, substitution e instruction, no son tan diferentes en los dos idiomas. Lo mismo ocurre con gradual en ingl\u00e9s o gradual en espa\u00f1ol . La versi\u00f3n en espa\u00f1ol de los documentos presentados implica que habr\u00e1 medidas para reemplazar el ma\u00edz en la alimentaci\u00f3n animal. Incorrecto. No hay nada de gradual y no hay sustituci\u00f3n en el Decreto . D\u00e9jenlo as\u00ed, con el Decreto los animales todav\u00eda pueden tener ma\u00edz transg\u00e9nico.<\/p>\n

Los malentendidos infectan este conflicto. Es de esperar que los panelistas puedan ver lo que hace el Decreto y lo que importa M\u00e9xico. M\u00e9xico es el mayor comprador de ma\u00edz estadounidense en el extranjero. El Decreto est\u00e1 respaldado por abundante ciencia . Busca evitar los riesgos creados por herbicidas t\u00f3xicos como el glifosato. Los funcionarios comerciales estadounidenses deber\u00edan ver los hechos, las cifras y la ley y poner fin a esta disputa sin sentido.<\/p>\n

Fotograf\u00eda cortes\u00eda de Lynn Danielson, Unsplash.<\/p>\n

Art\u00edculo original en ingl\u00e9s<\/p>\n

Op-Ed | Nonsense in the US-Mexico Corn Fight<\/h4>\n

fooftank \u2013 Ernesto Hern\u00e1ndez<\/p>\n

\"\"The United States and Mexico are in a fight over corn. In 2023 Mexico<\/a>\u00a0prohibited genetically\u00a0modified\u00a0(GMO) corn for human consumption, out of concern for\u00a0human health<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0biodiversity<\/a>\u00a0in corn plants. The U.S. challenges this in a\u00a0trade panel<\/a>,\u00a0arguing<\/a>\u00a0this violates the U.S. Mexico Canada Agreement. It\u2019s tense and has been so for years. Anxieties will peak soon. Panel decisions come in November.<\/p>\n

Disagreements are all around. The neighbors can\u2019t even agree what to fight about. Looking at the actual ban, called the\u00a0Decree<\/em><\/a>, Mexico explains it only touches\u00a0GMO\u00a0corn in tortillas or\u00a0masa<\/em>\u00a0(dough). That is it, with no impacts for corn in animal feed. The U.S. claims trade in all GMO corn, for human food and livestock, is threatened. American farmers overwhelmingly\u00a0grow<\/a>\u00a0yellow GMO corn for animal feed. It\u2019s what Mexico\u00a0imports<\/a>. Mexico is self-sufficient in\u00a0white corn<\/a>, used in tortillas, tamales, and many dishes eaten daily.<\/p>\n

Different points of view are planted all over this impasse. It starts with how the grain is used. In Mexico\u00a0ma\u00edz<\/em>\u00a0(corn) is made into\u00a0masa<\/em>\u00a0through a process called\u00a0nixtamalization<\/a>. Nixtamalization takes dry kernels and lime powder and soaks them overnight to break down the grain\u2019s skin. This improves\u00a0nutrients<\/a>. It makes corn soft for dough. Without nixtamalization, corn can only be converted into cornmeal, a coarser product. If further processed with chemicals, cornmeal becomes an instant flour.<\/p>\n

Corn tortillas in the U.S. typically come from this\u00a0instant powder<\/a>. It is shelf stable and dominates American supply. These tortillas taste cardboard-like, in comparison, and lack vital nutrients.<\/p>\n

When M\u00e9xico implements\u00a0ma\u00edz<\/em>\u00a0policies for human health and sustainability it looks to white corn to be nixtamalized. This secures the country\u2019s largest source of protein. In the U.S., complaints about GMO policies rest on entirely different experiences with lesser tortillas and another type of corn. American positions only focus on\u00a0exports<\/a>.<\/p>\n

And even about that issue, the two sides see distinct things. Corn exports to Mexico have\u00a0increased<\/a>\u00a0to\u00a0record levels<\/a>\u00a0since the ban. The U.S. Department of Agriculture forecasts even\u00a0more<\/a>\u00a0for 2025, driven by\u00a0livestock<\/a>\u00a0demand. Mexico is the\u00a0top buyer<\/a>\u00a0of American corn. It imports over three times more corn than number two Japan. These figures don\u2019t figure into American arguments.<\/p>\n

The two sides disagree about the policy. The\u00a0Decree<\/em>\u00a0leaves animal feed alone. It explicitly\u00a0says<\/a>\u00a0that Mexico\u2019s sanitary risk commission will continue approving\u00a0GMO\u00a0corn for animal feed, so long as it is not for tortillas or\u00a0masa<\/em>. U.S. trade officials insist otherwise.<\/p>\n

Their attorneys invented a problem they call \u201cSubstitution Instruction\u201d in\u00a0initial<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0rebuttal<\/a>\u00a0filings for the U.S. The criticism is that instructions to replace GMO corn in animal feed are unclear. This gripe is off base since the\u00a0Decree<\/em>\u00a0does not include any replacement.<\/p>\n

The misreading has stuck. \u201cSubstitution Instruction\u201d was translated in Spanish as \u201cSustituci\u00f3n Gradual<\/em><\/a>,<\/em>\u201d for the filings provided to Mexico. This is not correct since its English equivalent would be \u201cgradual substitution.\u201d The translation artificially inserts \u201cgradual,\u201d meaning incremental. A more accurate translation of \u201cSubstitution Instruction\u201d would be \u201cInstrucci\u00f3n de sustituci\u00f3n<\/em>.\u201d Both words, substitution, and instruction, are not that different in the two languages. The same goes for gradual in English or\u00a0gradual en Espa\u00f1ol<\/em>. The Spanish version of the filings imply there will be steps to replace corn in animal feed. Wrong. There is nothing gradual and there is no substitution in the\u00a0Decree<\/em>. Leave it alone, with the\u00a0Decree<\/em>\u00a0animals can still have\u00a0GMO\u00a0corn.<\/p>\n

Misunderstandings infect this conflict. Hopefully, the panelists can see what the\u00a0Decree<\/em>\u00a0does and what Mexico imports. Mexico is American corn largest overseas buyer. The\u00a0Decree<\/em>\u00a0is backed by plenty of\u00a0science<\/a>. It seeks to avoid the risks created by toxic herbicides like glyphosate. American trade officials should see the apparent facts, figures, and\u00a0law<\/a>\u00a0and end this senseless dispute.<\/p>\n

Photo courtesy of Lynn Danielson, Unsplash.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

fooftank \u2013 Ernesto Hern\u00e1ndez Estados Unidos y M\u00e9xico est\u00e1n en una pelea por el ma\u00edz. En 2023, M\u00e9xico prohibi\u00f3 el ma\u00edz gen\u00e9ticamente modificado (OGM) para el consumo humano, por preocupaci\u00f3n por la salud humana y la biodiversidad en las plantas de ma\u00edz. Estados Unidos impugna esto en un panel comercial , argumentando que viola el […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":5570,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"aside","meta":{"_uag_custom_page_level_css":"","site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"set","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5569","post","type-post","status-publish","format-aside","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-sin-categoria","post_format-post-format-aside"],"uagb_featured_image_src":{"full":["https:\/\/sinmaiznohaypais.org\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/GM-corn-Mexico-trade-policy-expo.webp",450,351,false],"thumbnail":["https:\/\/sinmaiznohaypais.org\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/GM-corn-Mexico-trade-policy-expo-250x250.webp",250,250,true],"medium":["https:\/\/sinmaiznohaypais.org\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/GM-corn-Mexico-trade-policy-expo-400x312.webp",400,312,true],"medium_large":["https:\/\/sinmaiznohaypais.org\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/GM-corn-Mexico-trade-policy-expo.webp",450,351,false],"large":["https:\/\/sinmaiznohaypais.org\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/GM-corn-Mexico-trade-policy-expo.webp",450,351,false],"1536x1536":["https:\/\/sinmaiznohaypais.org\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/GM-corn-Mexico-trade-policy-expo.webp",450,351,false],"2048x2048":["https:\/\/sinmaiznohaypais.org\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/GM-corn-Mexico-trade-policy-expo.webp",450,351,false]},"uagb_author_info":{"display_name":false,"author_link":"https:\/\/sinmaiznohaypais.org\/wordpress\/author\/edgardo\/"},"uagb_comment_info":0,"uagb_excerpt":"fooftank \u2013 Ernesto Hern\u00e1ndez Estados Unidos y M\u00e9xico est\u00e1n en una pelea por el ma\u00edz. En 2023, M\u00e9xico prohibi\u00f3 el ma\u00edz gen\u00e9ticamente modificado (OGM) para el consumo humano, por preocupaci\u00f3n por la salud humana y la biodiversidad en las plantas de ma\u00edz. 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